Анотація
Human microbiota is an important tool for improving health and sports performance. In these days, the mechanism of the influence of physical activity and existing diets on the microorganisms of humans and animals has not been clarified, which was the purpose of this review study. The research method applied is based on the use of the specified keywords to search scientific sources in the electronic databases PubMed and SPORTDiscus. It was established that the mechanism of influence of microbiota includes interrelated factors and ways: 1) activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and production of hormones, enzymes, vitamins, immunomodulators, fibroblast growth factors, antibiotics; 2) influence on the central and enteric nervous systems; 3) suppression of signaling pathways of the TLR4 receptor, which is involved in the immune and inflammatory response; 4) increasing the biosynthesis of intestinal immunoglobulin A and resistance to colonization by specific commensal microorganisms; 5) changing the profile of bile acids, which have an antimicrobial function and exert selective pressure on certain strains of bacteria; 6) increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, acetate, and propionate), which have an analgesic effect, and decrease the level of lipopolysaccharides in the blood; 7) transformation of lactate into butyrate by gram-negative microorganisms Veillonella, which is important for mucin synthesis, energy supply of colonocytes, protection of intestinal epithelium, energy supply and growth of endurance; 8) maintenance of glycemic homeostasis; 9) disposal of ketoacids and reactive oxygen species; 10) change in the barrier function and intestinal permeability; 11) increased translocation of bacteria from the colon to the blood and lymphatics; 12) release of myokines from muscle fiber cells; 13) reducing the time of passage of food masses through the intestine; 14) absorption of nutrients; 15) resistance to pathogen colonization; 16) changes in the state of hydration, etc. The microbiota can be modified by short-term dietary changes, but the changes last only for a few days. Diets low in fiber and high in refined carbohydrates and fats cause a decrease in the diversity and activity of the microbial community. Fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates produces salts and esters of organic acids: acetate, propionate, and butyrate; H2 and CO2 gases; ammonia; amines; phenolics and the energy that bacteria use to grow and maintain cellular function
Ключові слова
microbiota; intestine; physical activity; diet
Використані джерела
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